A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that is replicated and distributed across a large network of computer systems, or nodes, to record and secure information. Each block in the blockchain ...

Explore the modular blockchain thesis and how separating consensus, execution, data availability, and settlement boosts scalability.

About three months ago, one of our reporters, Theo Normanton, set out to examine Digital Asset Holdings—its past, present, and future. The thinking was this: The blockchain revolution that was ...

Orphan blocks in blockchain occur when blocks with less proof are outpaced by others, often due to network delays. Learn how they affect blockchain integrity.

Explore how CAP theorem affects blockchains, trade-offs in consistency, availability, partition tolerance, and real-world ...

Since the notion of a “smart city” is somewhat vague on its own, it helps to have a clear definition of what a smart city is and is not.

(1) The distinction between a main Layer 1 blockchain such as Bitcoin and Ethereum and a Layer 2 blockchain such as rollup chain. A third layer separates even more functions. See Layer 1 blockchain, ...

Cryptocurrency difficulty indicates how challenging it is to mine a block in blockchain networks like Bitcoin. Learn what affects this mining process.